Acknowledgements and a note on sources

The authors of this report would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to them by staff from a number of donor agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations. In particular, our thanks go to the International Labour Office for allowing most members of the project team to attend the Expert Meeting on Training for Self-Employment through Vocational Training Institutes in Turin, in December 1993. This provided an opportunity to discuss the first full draft of this report with experts on this topic from every region of the world. We are particularly grateful to Iain Mckenzie of the Turin Centre and to Ayse Mitchell, F/PROF, ILO, who were the principal organisers of that seminar.

Earlier in the year, at the International Conference on 'Out of school education, work and sustainability in the South' in Berlin, we had received assistance from Manfred Wallenborn of DSE, and Cornelia Lohmar-Kuhnle, both of whom have been closely associated with the shift of German aid policy to include an acknowledgement of the informal sector. We would also want to thank the editor of the DSE bulletin, Development and Cooperation, Reinold Thiel, for carrying an article on our ODA project in May 1993.

Partly as a result of this article, the ODA project came to the attention of other agencies and interested parties, and was the principal reason that a member of the team was invited by SIDA to attend the International Workshop in Turin on Community Based Training for Self-Employment and Income Generation. We are particularly grateful to Ola Hallgren of SIDA for this opportunity. Also during 1993 a member of the team was invited to the Royal Tropical Institute expert symposium on 'Beyond subcontracting: assessing linkages between large and small enterprises'. This afforded the opportunity to discuss the project with David Wright, small enterprise adviser of ODA, and among others with John Grierson of SKAT, Switzerland and Donald Mead of Michigan State University. All three have made significant contributions to our thinking about the informal sector. By good fortune also, right at the beginning of 1993, the Institute for Development Research in Copenhagen and the Institute for Development Studies in Nairobi University put on a joint workshop in Nairobi on 'Networks of Enterprise: small and intermediate size enterprise in African industrialisation'. This workshop, organised by Dorothy McCormick and Poul Ove Pedersen, made it possible for a member of our team to meet many of the scholars in East and West Africa who are currently working on the micro-enterprise sector.

In particular, it assisted us in identifying one of our four colleagues who were to work on country case studies of education and the informal sector. This was Osei Boeh-Ocansey from Ghana. For assistance in identifying our other contributors, we are grateful to Chris Aleke-Dondo of K-REP in Kenya for suggesting a colleague, Henry Oketch, and to Ernesto Schiefelbein, Director of OREALC, for identifying Graciela Messina, also of OREALC in Chile. For India, we are grateful to Steve Packer, then of the Commonwealth Secretariat, and T. V. Rao of the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad for suggesting Keith D'Souza. In all cases, we had excellent collaboration from these additional members of our team, and through the good offices of the ODA we were able to bring them to London and to Edinburgh for detailed discussions on an early draft of our text and of their case studies; and we were also able to bring them to the Turin meeting on self-employment through vocational training institutes. By good fortune, the ILO had commissioned papers from the same four countries, Chile, Kenya, India and Ghana (amongst others) and hence there was a real opportunity for discussion about country-specific developments.

As an additional research strategy we had targetted colleagues in many of the aid agencies for assistance with bibliographical references and also for identification of projects and programme developments within their agencies. We received very full support from Ron Hughes in CIDA, and very considerable assistance from Nadia Ebel in ILO, as well as valuable support from Van Adams in the World Bank, and from Heikki Kokkala in FINNIDA The director of CINTERFOR also provided valuable documentary assistance. Likewise, IIEP in Paris kindly gave us access to their documentation centre.

As valuable as any of our research strategies was a brief tour made by one of our team to several of the key centres for research and documentation on aspects of vocational education and the informal sector. On this occasion, it was possible in Geneva to meet with many of the researchers who have worked on the informal sector, including Michel Carton of IUED, and Fred Fluitman, S.V. Sethuraman, Maria Ducci, Gretchen Goodale, Derek Bowland and Wilfred Dürr in the ILO. In Germany, we were similarly helped by Ewald Gold in GTZ and Manfred Wallenborn in DSE, Mannheim, while in Holland it was possible to meet with Bert Wasselink in FACET BV.

The NGOs have been closely associated with the informal sector, and we received much help from Jim Tanburn and his colleagues in ApT, from Anthony Price of CAFOD, Judy el Bushra and Maureen Makki of ACORD and several others who provided important project insights for our work on women and the informal sector.

We owe a special debt of gratitude, however, to Gren Jones and his colleagues in ODA's Education Division, who discussed the project at the outset, encouraged us to involve colleagues from other countries, and supported us in getting the volume into its present shape. We would want to mention here also Pat Scutt, M.T. Norman, Jim Butler, and Graham Larkbey, all of who helped us in ODA at key stages in the development and completion of this task.

For correspondence

Edinburgh

Prof. Kenneth King/Mr. Simon McGrath
Centre of African Studies
University of Edinburgh
Adam Ferguson Building
George Square
EDINBURGH
EH8 SILL

031-650-3878

London

Prof. Roy Carr-Hill Dr. Fiona Leach
Department of International and Comparative Education
University of London Institute of Education
20 Bedford Way
LONDON
WC1H 0AL

071-612-6631

ABBREVIATIONS

ACORD	Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development
AMT	Achievement Motivation Training
ANC	African National Congress
ApproTEC	Appropriate Technologies for Enterprise Creation
ApT	Appropriate Design and Development
CADEC	Catholic Development Commission
CAFOD	Catholic Fund for Overseas Development
CIBA	Council of Indigenous Business Associations
CIDA	Canadian International Development Agency
CIDE	Centre for Educational Research and Development, Santiago
CINTERFOR	Inter American Centre for Investigation and Documentation on Vocational Training
COSATU	Congress of South African Trade Unions
DANIDA	Danish International Development Authority
DBSETI	Don Bosco Self-Employment Training Institute
DESAP	Development of Small and Micro Enterprises, Cali
DSE	German Foundation for International Development
ECLAC	Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
EDI	Enterprise Development Institute
EDI-I	Enterprise Development Institute of India
EFA	Education For All
ESDP	Entrepreneurial Skills Development Programme
EWP	Education with Production
F/PROF	Vocational Training Branch, ILO
FINNINDA	Finnish International Development Authority
GNAG	Ghanaian National Association of Garages
GRATIS	Ghana Regional Appropriate Technology Industrial Service
GTZ	German Agency for Technical Cooperation
HEART	Human Employment and Resources Training
ICCES	Integrated Community Centre for Employable Skills
IFEP	International Foundation for Education with Production
ILO	International Labour Office
INA	National Apprenticeship Institute, Costa Rica
INATEC	National Technological Institute, Nicaragua
ITDG	Intermediate Technology Development Group
ITTU	Intermediate Technology Transfer Unit
IUED	University Institute for Development Studies, Geneva
JSS	Junior Secondary School
K-MAP	Kenya Management Assistance Programme
K-REP	Kenya Rural Enterprise Programme
KYTiEC	Kenya Youth Training and Employment Creation
MEDI	Malawian Entrepreneurs Development Institute
NAWO	National Alliance of Women's Organizations
NCCK	National Council of Churches Kenya
NEPI	National Education Policy Investigation
NFE	Non Formal Education
NGO	Non Governmental Organisation
NIC	Newly Industrialising Country
NOAS	National Open Apprenticeship System, Nigeria
NORAD	Norwegian Agency for International Development
NPE	National Policy on Education
NTA	National Training Agency
OECD	Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
OREALC	Regional Education Office for Latin America and the Caribbean
(UNESCO)
PGTTP	Pak-German Technical Training Programme
PRODEM	Programme for Women's Development
REAP	Rural Education and Agriculture Programme
REDP	Refugee Enterprise Development Programme
REDUC	Latin American Network for Educational Investigation and Documentation, CIDE
RSTP	Refugee and Sudanese Training Programme
SCF	Save the Children Fund
SCIAF	Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund
SDSR	Skills Development for Self-Reliance
SEDCO	Small Enterprise Development Corporation
SENA	National Apprenticeship Service, Colombia
SENAI	National Industrial Apprenticeship Service, Brazil
SEWA	Self Employed Women's Association
SIDA	Swedish International Development Authority
SKAT	Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management
SKVIS	Sundarban Khadi Village Industrial Society (India)
TFSR	Tools for Self Reliance
TNJACW	Tamil Nadu Joint Action Council for Women
TRUGA	Training for Rural Gainful Activities
TVET	Technical and Vocational Education and Training
TWP	Training with Production
UNCTMD	United Nations Transnational Corporations and Management Division
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
USSIA	Uganda Small Scale Industries Association
VET	Vocational Education and Training
VSO	Voluntary Service Overseas
VTI	Vocational Training Institute
WCEFA	World Conference on Education For All
WID	Women In Development
WUS	World University Service
YP	Youth Polytechnic
ZIMFEP	Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with Production
ZIMSCI	Zimbabwe Secondary Schools Science Project