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Product or Method |
Application |
Mode of Action |
Effects on Target Organism |
Remarks and particular Recommendation |
Region |
|
| Pests | Efficiency | |||||
| a) Water extract of pyrethrum flowers. | Spraying of the liquid on the container of the stored produce. | Similar effect to the powder of the flowers (4.3a); insecticide, repellent and inhibitor of feeding activities. | All kinds of pests. | High initial efficiency but short duration of effect. | No long term efficiency, only appropriate as a treatment when an immediate effect is required (4.3a). | East African countries. |
| b) Water extract of neem kernels (25 to 50 g/l water). | Between 0,5 to 5 °/0 on cereals and grain legumes. | The efficiency is described in 4.1 d. | Pests of stored cereals and grain legumes; particularly coleoptera. | Good protection. Long term efficacy can reach one year. | Water extracts of neem are more concentrated than the neem preparations already mentioned. The toxicity and secondary effects on humans beings and animals have not yet been sufficiently tested. | Widely used on the African continent. |
| c) Water extract of Crotolaria juncea flowers. | Spraying of the liquid on the container of the stored produce. | Efficiency of a contact insecticide. | Cereal pests (Sitophilus spp., Prostephanus truncatus). | Protection inferior to those offered by extracts of neem, Annona or pepper. No valid experiences concerning long term efficiency. | Other species of Crotolaria are also used in traditional storage protection in Africa. | East Africa particularly in Tanzania |
| d) Water extract of red pepper fruit. | Spraying of the liquid on the container of the stored produce. | identical effects to the ones indicated in 4.3c. | Stored product coleoptera and moths. | Very good efficiency for three months. | For grain legumes and rice. Change of taste and smell is possible. | Countries with hot and humid climates |
| e) Watery extract of Annona spp. roots. | 2,5% water extract from the roots. | Effects are indicated in 4. 1.a. | Large field of application (4. 1.a) | Very good efficiency for more than three months. | Entire African continent. | |