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Appendix 2: Returns to investment in education by level and country


Country

Social

Private

Year

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

AFRICA

Botswana

1983

42.0

41.0

15.0

99.0

76.0

38.0

Ethiopia

1972

20.3

18.7

9.7

35.0

22.8

27.4

Ghana

1967

18.0

13.0

16.5

24.5

17.0

37.0

Kenya

1971

21.7

19.2

8.8

28.0

33.0

31.0

1980

 

13.0

 

 

14.5

 

Lesotho

1980

10.7

18.6

10.2

15.5

26.7

36.5

Liberia

1983

41.0

17.0

8.0

99.0

30.5

17.0

Malawi

1978

 

15.1

 

 

 

 

1982

14.7

15.2

11.5

15.7

16.8

46.6

Morocco

1970

50.5

10.0

13.0

 

 

 

Nigeria

1966

23.0

12.8

17.0

30.0

14.0

34.0

Rhodesia

1960

12.4

 

 

 

 

 

Sierra Leone

1971

20.0

22.0

9.5

 

 

 

Somalia

1983

20.6

10.4

19.9

59.9

13.0

33.2

Sudan

1974

8.0

4.0

13.0

15.0

 

 

Tanzania

1982

 

5.0

 

 

 

 

Uganda

1965

66.0

28.6

12.0

 

 

 

Upper Volta

1970

25.9

60.6

 

 

 

 

1975

27.7

30.1

22.0

 

 

 

1982

20.1

14.9

21.3

 

 

 


Country

Social

Private

Year

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

ASIA

Hong Kong

1976

 

15.0

12.4

 

18.5

25.2

India

1965

13.4

15.5

10.3

17.3

18.8

16.2

1978

29.3

13.7

10.8

33.4

19.8

13.2

Indonesia

1977

 

 

 

25.5

15.6

 

1978

21.9

16.2

14.8

 

 

 

Malaysia

1978

 

 

 

 

32.6

34.5

Pakistan

1975

13.0

9.0

8.0

20.0

11.0

27.0

1979

 

 

 

14.6

6.7

9.4

Philippines

1971

7.0

6.5

8.5

9.0

6.5

9.5

1977

 

8.5

 

 

 

16.0

Singapore

1966

6.6

17.6

14.1

 

20.0

25.4

South Korea

1967

 

9.0

5.0

 

 

 

1969

 

11.0

9.5

 

 

 

1971

 

14.6

9.3

 

16.1

16.2

1973

 

12.2

8.8

 

 

 

1980

 

8.1

11.7

 

 

 

Taiwan

1970

26.5

15.0

 

 

17.6

18.4

1972

27.0

12.3

17.7

50.0

12.7

15.8

Thailand

1970

30.5

13.0

11.0

56.0

14.5

14.0

1972

63.2

30.9

18.4

 

 

 


Country

Social

Private

Year

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

LATIN AMERICA

Bahamas

1970

 

20.6

 

 

26.1

 

Brazil

1970

23.5

13.1

 

 

24.7

13.9

Chile

1959

24.0

16.9

12.2

 

 

 

Colombia

1973

 

 

 

15.1

15.4

20.7

1976

 

 

18.4

 

 

24.9

1981

 

9.6

 

 

 

 

Costa Rica

1974

 

 

 

13.1

8.7

25.7

Mexico

1963

25.0

17.0

23.0

32.0

23.0

29.0

Paraguay

1982

14.0

11.0

13.0

 

 

 

Peru

1972

46.9

19.8

16.3

 

 

 

1974

34.3

9.0

15.0

 

 

 

1980

41.4

3.3

16.1

 

 

 

Puerto Rico

1959

24.0

34.1

15.5

68.2

52.1

29.0

Venezuela

1957

82.0

17.0

23.0

 

18.0

27.0

1984

 

 

 

32.5

11.7

20.6


Country

Social

Private

Year

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

Prim.

Sec.

Higher

INTERMEDIATE

Cyprus-1

1975

 

 

 

15.0

11.2

14.8

1979

 

 

 

8.6

8.1

14.1

Cyprus-2

1975

 

10.5

9.7

 

11.6

8.6

1979

7.7

6.8

7.6

15.4

7.0

5.6

Greece

1962

 

6.3

13.7

 

7.2

14.0

1977

16.5

5.5

4.5

20.0

6.0

5.5

Iran

1972

34.0

11.5

15.0

 

 

 

1976

15.2

17.6

13.6

 

21.2

18.5

Iran-2

1975

 

 

 

10.6

15.3

19.3

Israel

1958

16.5

6.9

6.6

27.0

6.9

8.0

Spain

1971

17.2

8.6

12.8

31.6

10.2

15.5

Turkey

1968

 

 

8.5

 

24.0

26.0

Yugoslavia

1969

9.3

15.4

2.8

7.6

15.3

2.6

Note: Private rates to primary education in excess of 100% have been given as 99%.

Source: Psacharopoulos (1985)

(The original table also lists data for 37 studies in 15 advanced countries).


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